Author: admin
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Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun. It is also known as the “Red Planet”,[23] for its orange-red appearance.[24][25] Mars is a desert-like rocky planet with a tenuous atmosphere that is primarily carbon dioxide (CO2). At the average surface level the atmospheric pressure is a few thousandths of Earth’s, atmospheric temperature ranges from −153…
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Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was a cradle of civilization concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in the eastern part of North Africa.[1][2][3] It emerged from prehistoric Egypt around 3150 BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology),[4] when Upper and Lower Egypt were united by Menes, who is believed by the majority of Egyptologists to have…
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Astronomy
Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos. It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry to explain their origin and their overall evolution. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, nebulae, galaxies, meteoroids, asteroids, and comets. Relevant phenomena include supernova explosions, gamma ray bursts, quasars, blazars, pulsars,…
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Vaccination
Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop immunity from a disease. Vaccines contain a microorganism or virus in a weakened, live or killed state, or proteins or toxins from the organism. In stimulating the body’s adaptive immunity, they help prevent sickness from an infectious disease. When a sufficiently large…
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Human genome
The human genome is a complete set of DNA sequences for each of the 22 autosomes and the two distinct sex chromosomes (X and Y) in humans. A small DNA molecule is found within individual mitochondria. These are usually treated separately as the nuclear genome and the mitochondrial genome.[1] Human genomes include both genes and…
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Sustainable development
Sustainable development is an approach to growth and human development that aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.[1][2] The aim is to have a society where living conditions and resources meet human needs without undermining planetary integrity.[3][4] Sustainable development aims to balance…
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Water scarcity
Water scarcity (closely related to water stress or water crisis) is the lack of any, local or economically viably transportable, sources of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand in a region. There are two types of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.[2]: 560 Physical water scarcity is where…
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Plastic pollution
Plastic pollution is the accumulation of plastic objects and particles (e.g. plastic bottles, bags and microbeads) in the Earth’s environment that adversely affects humans, wildlife and their habitat.[1][2] Plastics that act as pollutants are categorized by size into micro-, meso-, or macro debris.[3] Plastics are inexpensive and durable, making them very adaptable for different uses;…
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis[note 1] is a system of biological processes by which photopigment-bearing autotrophic organisms, such as most plants, algae and cyanobacteria, convert light energy—typically from sunlight—into the chemical energy necessary to fuel their metabolism. The term photosynthesis usually refers to oxygenic photosynthesis, a process that releases oxygen as a byproduct of water splitting. Photosynthetic organisms store…
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Wind power
Wind power is the use of wind energy to generate useful work. Historically, wind power was used by sails, windmills and windpumps, but today it is mostly used to generate electricity. This article deals only with wind power for electricity generation. Today, wind power is generated almost completely using wind turbines, generally grouped into wind…
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Renewable energy
Renewable energy (also called green energy) is energy made from renewable natural resources that are replenished on a human timescale. The most widely used renewable energy types are solar energy, wind power, bioenergy/biomass, and hydropower. Bioenergy and geothermal power are also significant in some countries. Renewable energy installations can be large or small and are…
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Climate change
Present-day climate change includes both global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its wider effects on Earth’s climate system. In a broader sense, climate change also includes previous long-term changes to Earth’s climate. The modern-day rise in global temperatures is driven by human activities, especially fossil fuel (coal, oil and natural gas) burning since…
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Blockchain
A blockchain is a distributed ledger with growing lists of records (blocks) that are securely linked together via cryptographic hashes.[1][2][3][4] Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data (generally represented as a Merkle tree, where data nodes are represented by leaves). Since each block contains information about the…
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Computer security
Computer security (also cybersecurity, digital security, or information technology (IT) security) is a subdiscipline within the field of information security. It focuses on protecting computer software, systems, and networks from threats that can lead to unauthorized information disclosure, theft, or damage to hardware, software, or data, as well as to the disruption or misdirection of…
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Machine learning
For the journal, see Machine Learning (journal).“Statistical learning” redirects here. For statistical learning in linguistics, see Statistical learning in language acquisition.Part of a series onMachine learninganddata miningParadigmsProblemsSupervised learning(classification • regression)ClusteringDimensionality reductionStructured predictionAnomaly detectionNeural networksReinforcement learningLearning with humansModel diagnosticsMathematical foundationsJournals and conferencesRelated articlesvtePart of a series onArtificial intelligence (AI)Major goalsApproachesMachine learningData miningSymbolicDeep learningShallow learningBayesian networksEvolutionary algorithmsNeuro-symbolic…
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Deep learning
For the TV series episode, see Deep Learning (South Park).Representing images on multiple layers of abstraction in deep learningRepresenting images on multiple layers of abstraction in deep learning[1]Part of a series onArtificial intelligence (AI)Major goalsApproachesMachine learningData miningSymbolicDeep learningShallow learningBayesian networksEvolutionary algorithmsNeuro-symbolic AISystems integrationOpen-sourceOpen weightsAI data centersApplicationsPhilosophyHistoryControversiesSecurity IncidentsGlossaryvteIn machine learning, deep learning (DL) focuses on utilizing…
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Cloud computing
“Cloud Computing” redirects here; not to be confused with Cloud Computing (horse). This article appears to incorporate text from a large language model, which is prohibited in Wikipedia articles. Any such material should be removed. The reason given is: various additions throughout 2025-26; note WP:AISIGNS – superficial analyses, vocab distro typical of LLM output, etc…
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Robotics
Robotics is the interdisciplinary study and practice of the design, construction, operation, and use of robots.[1] A roboticist is someone who specializes in robotics.[2] Robotics usually combines four aspects of design work: a power source (e.g. a battery), mechanical construction, a control system (electrical circuits), and software (run by remote control or artificial intelligence). The goal…
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Computer vision
Computer vision tasks include methods for acquiring, processing, analyzing, and understanding digital images, and extraction of high-dimensional data from the real world in order to produce numerical or symbolic information, e.g. in the form of decisions.[1][2][3][4] “Understanding” in this context signifies the transformation of visual images into descriptions of the world that make sense to…
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Natural Language Processing
Natural language processing (NLP) is the processing of natural language information by a computer. NLP is a subfield of computer science and is closely associated with artificial intelligence. NLP is also related to information retrieval, knowledge representation, computational linguistics, and linguistics more broadly.[1] Major processing tasks in an NLP system include: speech recognition, text classification,…